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1.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 43(4): 294-310, dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634707

ABSTRACT

Bacillus anthracis es un bacilo gram positivo del grupo Bacillus cereus, que posee un genoma extremadamente monomórfco y comparte gran similitud fsiológica y de estructura genética con B. cereus y Bacillus thuringiensis. En este artículo se describen nuevos métodos moleculares para la identifcación y tipifcación de B. anthracis, basados en repeticiones en tándem de número variable o en diferencias genéticas detectadas por secuenciación, desarrollados en los últimos años. Los aspectos moleculares de los factores de virulencia tradicionales, cápsula, antígeno protector, factor letal y factor edema se describen en profundidad, junto con factores de virulencia recientemente propuestos, como los sideróforos, petrobactina y bacilibactina, la adhesina de la capa S y la lipoproteína MntA. También se detalla la organización molecular de los megaplásmidos pXO1 y pXO2, incluyendo la isla de patogenicidad de pXO1. El esqueleto genético de estos plásmidos se ha encontrado en otras especies relacionadas, probablemente debido a eventos de transferencia lateral. Finalmente, se presentan los dos receptores celulares del antígeno protector, ANTXR1/TEM8 y ANTXR2/CMG2, esenciales en la interacción del patógeno con el hospedador. Los estudios moleculares realizados en los últimos años han permitido aumentar enormemente el conocimiento de los diferentes aspectos de este microorganismo y su relación con el hospedador, pero a la vez han abierto nuevos interrogantes sobre este notorio patógeno.


Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive rod belonging to the Bacillus cereus group, has an extremely monomorphic genome, and presents high structural and physiological similarity with B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. In this work, the new molecular methods for the identifcation and typing of B. anthracis developed in the last years, based on variable number tandem repeats or on genetic differences detected through sequencing, are described. The molecular aspects of traditional virulence factors: capsule, protective antigen, lethal factor and edema factor are described in depth, together with virulence factors recently proposed, such as the siderophores petrobactin and bacillibactin, the S-layer adhesin and the MntA lipoprotein. It is detailed the molecular organization of megaplasmids pXO1 and pXO2, including the pathogenicity island of pXO1. The genetic skeleton of these plasmids has been observed in related species, and this could be attributed to lateral gene transfer. Finally, the two anthrax toxin protective antigen receptors, ANTXR1/TEM8 and ANTXR2/CMG2, essential for the interaction of the pathogen with the host, are presented. The molecular studies performed in recent years have greatly increased knowledge in different aspects of this microorganism and its relationship with the host, but at the same time they have raised new questions about this noted pathogen.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anthrax/microbiology , Bacillus anthracis/physiology , Anthrax/epidemiology , Anthrax/veterinary , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Antigens, Bacterial/physiology , Bacterial Toxins , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Base Sequence , Bacillus anthracis/classification , Bacillus anthracis/genetics , Bacillus anthracis/pathogenicity , Bacillus/classification , Bacterial Capsules/physiology , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Genomic Islands/physiology , Minisatellite Repeats , Molecular Sequence Data , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Membrane Proteins/physiology , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/physiology , Plasmids , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid , Virulence/genetics , Virulence/physiology , Zoonoses
2.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 26(4): 243-248, out.-dez. 2006. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-456876

ABSTRACT

Ten outbreaks of anthrax occurred in cattle from 1978 to 2006 in southern Brazil, in 5 municipalities on the border with Uruguay, a country where the disease is frequent. The 10 outbreaks represented 0.2% of all bovine specimens received during the period by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the Federal University of Pelotas, causing 267 deaths in a risk population of 6,605 head. The disease affected young and adult cattle mainly during summer. Only one farmer reported that sheep and horses were also affected. Clinically the peracute form was more frequent, but in some outbreaks the acute form with a clinical manifestation period of 6-48 hours was also observed. The source of infection was not established; but the reduced rainfall, associated with low, flat, flooded lands used for agriculture followed by animal grazing after harvest was probably related to the disease occurrence. Annual vaccination is an efficient way to prevent the disease.


Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo da ocorrência de carbúnculo hemático em bovinos na área de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Entre 1978 e março de 2006, dez surtos da enfermidade ocorreram em cinco municípios da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, todos localizados na fronteira com o Uruguai. A enfermidade representou 0,2% dos diagnósticos realizados no LRD no período. Ocorre em bovinos jovens e adultos, principalmente em verões quentes e secos, e com menor freqüência em outras épocas do ano. Freqüentemente, a doença se apresenta na forma hiperaguda, entretanto casos de carbúnculo hemático agudo podem ser observados. Não foi possível estabelecer a origem das infecções, mas precipitações pluviométricas menores que as normais, em campos planos, sujeitos a alagamentos freqüentes, utilizados para plantio e posterior uso das restevas (restolhos) para a criação dos animais podem ter favorecido a ocorrência dos surtos. A prática da vacinação anual dos animais é a forma de evitar eficientemente os surtos da doença.


Subject(s)
Anthrax/diagnosis , Anthrax/epidemiology , Anthrax/veterinary , Bacillus anthracis/isolation & purification , Cattle
4.
Monography in English | AIM | ID: biblio-1275142

Subject(s)
Anthrax/veterinary
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